24 August 79 CE

Environmental & Science Education
STEM
Geology
Culture
Society
Edward Hessler

A Day in Pompeii, a Melbourne Winter Masterpieces exhibition, was held at Melbourne Museum from 26 June to 25 October 2009. Zero One Studio created an animation for the exhibition. It starts the morning of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius and ends the following night, when Pompeii, a city of some 10000 to 20000, was deeply buried in fragments of volcanic ash, pumice and debris (~ 9 m). The city of Pompeii was quickly forgotten, almost as though it never existed. Its excavation is well known (on-going) and provides remarkable insights into Greco-Roman life.

Pliny the Younger (61 CE - 112 CE), was seventeen years old and witnessed the event. He was asked by Cornelius Tacitus to report on his uncle. Pliny responded with two extraordinary letters. In the first, his account of the eruption was so scientifically accurate that these types of volcanic eruptions have since been name 'Plinian' eruptions.

The second letter includes many details about the eruption, e.g., ashes were already falling, not as yet very thickly. I looked round: a dense black cloud was coming up behind us, spreading over the earth like a flood. ‘Let us leave the road while we can still see’ I said, … ‘We had scarcely sat down to rest when darkness fell, not the dark of a moonless or cloudy night, but as if the lamp had been put out in a closed room...“you could hear the shrieks of women, the wailing of infants, and the shouting of men; some were calling their parents, other their children or their wives, trying to recognize them by their voices… there were some who prayed for death in their terror of dying. Many besought the aid of the gods, but still more imagined there were no gods left, and that the universe was plunged into eternal darkness for evermore.

Pliny the Elder moved quickly to the scene to witness the eruption as well as to help. He died while attempting a rescue.

A Decade to Go

Environmental & Science Education
STEM
Climate Change
Culture
Society
Edward Hessler

The United Nations’ International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently released a special report (SR 15) on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels. The IPCC is the leading world body for assessing the science related to climate change, its impacts and potential future risks, and potential response options.

The report’s full name is Global Warming of 1.5°C, an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.

The report was prepared under the scientific leadership of all three IPCC working groups. Working Group I assesses the physical science basis of climate change; Working Group II addresses impacts, adaptation and vulnerability; and Working Group III deals with the mitigation of climate change

There are several key messages but the first sentence in the press release is a succinct summary: Limiting global warming to 1.5ºC would require rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society.  So it all depends on the (rapid) response of humans and the governments of nations in which they live. All countries and sectors must act.

Here are a few highlights from the press release of this gloomy report:

--We are already seeing the consequences of 1°C of global warming through more extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice.

--Half-degree increases--1.5ºC compared to 2ºC, or more—have dramatic impacts. For instance, by 2100, global sea level rise would be 10 cm lower with global warming of 1.5°C compared with 2°C. The likelihood of an Arctic Ocean free of sea ice in summer would be once per century with global warming of 1.5°C, compared with at least once per decade with 2°C. Coral reefs would decline by 70-90 percent with global warming of 1.5°C, whereas virtually all (> 99 percent) would be lost with 2ºC.

--Hans-Otto Pörtner, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group II notes that “Every extra bit of warming matters, especially since warming of 1.5ºC or higher increases the risk associated with long-lasting or irreversible changes, such as the loss of some ecosystems below relevant risk thresholds.” Portner added that limiting global warming would also give people and ecosystems more room to adapt and remain below relevant risk thresholds.

--Jim Skea, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group III notes that “Limiting warming to 1.5ºC is possible within the laws of chemistry and physics BUT doing so would require unprecedented changes.” (My bold)

--The report finds that limiting global warming to 1.5°C would require “rapid and far-reaching” transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities. Global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching ‘net zero’ around 2050. This means that any remaining emissions would need to be balanced by removing CO2 from the air.

As I so often do when I'm confronted with reports like these, I turn to an expert to see what /she has to say. This time the expert was Dr. Gavin Schmidt, a climate change modeler, who writes regularly on the blog RealClimate: Climate Science From Climate Scientists. Schmidt makes some interesting comments on what the term 1.5 degrees centigrade means.

This special report defines “1.5ºC as the warming from the period 1850-1900. This is 2.7ºF and about 1/3rd of an ice age unit (the amount of warming from the depths of the last ice age 20,000 years ago to the mid-19th Century).

This baseline is not really “pre-industrial”… but this baseline is easiest to adopt since estimates of climate impacts are being based on climate models from CMIP5 which effectively use that same baseline. The timing of projected impacts is a little sensitive to definitional issues with the “global mean” temperature, and whether the instrumental record is biased with respect to changes in the mean – particularly in the earlier part of the record when the data is relatively sparse.

At current rates, we’ll hit 1.5ºC on a decadal-average basis by ~2040. The first year above 1.5ºC will occur substantially earlier, likely associated with a big El Niño event in the late 2020s/early 2030s.

So the arithmetic is simple and frighteningly straightforward.  By 2030, the carbon emission path must be steeply downward. So far, we haven't even peaked, i.e., there are no signs of even a small decline.  One way to try to put this into perspective is to consider a new born born today or a toddler (pick the age) and think about what grade they will be in in 2030.

The science is settled no matter the number of people who think otherwise.  George Will, writing on on populism v. modernism made use of a wonderful quote from Jonathan Rauch of the Brookings Institute. It applies here. "We don't mail Elvis a Social Secuity check, no matter how many people think he is alive." Will continues: No. Matter. How. Many.  What isn't settled about climate change is our political and moral will to do something about it.

When I read the 1.5 degree Celsius recommendation in the IPCC SR 15, I was doubtful whether it was really possible. Dr. Natalie Mahowald, one of the lead authors of the IPCC special report spoke about this goal to MSNBC's Ali Velshi. "It is going to be extremely difficult to keep temperatures below 1.5 and 2.0 degrees."  Each degree, each tenth of a degree counts.

Schmidt notes the difficulty of the efforts ahead as well as the need to sustain them (over decades).  "This will be a marathon effort," he writes. "It is thus perhaps worth paraphrasing Eliud Kipchoge, the recent winner of the Berlin marathon:

The best time to start [reducing emissions] was 25 years ago. The second best time is today.

Here are relevant document links.

The IPCC Press Release

Frequently Asked Questions

The Summary for Policy Makers (SPM)

The Full Report

MSNBC Ali Velshi-Dr. Natalie Mahowald interview

Dr. Natalie Mahowald 

Dr. Gavin Schmidt

 

Mouse Embryo Development: Minute by Minute, Cell by Cell.

Environmental & Science Education
STEM
Engineering
Medicine
Edward Hessler

Sharon Begley has a short report in STAT on two days of mouse embryo development. The technology used is breathtakingly novel. The microscope makes use of laser light and artificial intelligence so that developing tissues are kept in focus constantly as the embryo develops.

The research was done by researchers on the Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Virginia). What is astonishing is that single cells could be traced throughout during the biological choreography of development.

Begley draws attention to one of the features of the research design: "the embryos could be kept alive for only two days," (so the Janelia research group) chose a key window of time within that limit: the 48 hours from when the embryos were 6.5 days old. That's the period from when they develop three distinct cell layers (as human embryos also do)."

Begley's report on this research includes a short film of the progression of embryonic development captured by this "smart microscope."

The original report was published in the journal Cell (October 11, 2018). While hidden behind a paywall, a video abstract and a graphical abstract are available in addition to a list of highlights and the paper's abstract.

Friday Poem

Environmental & Science Education
Poetry
Art and Environment
Edward Hessler

Today's poem is by Henry Taylor.

In a conversation with the late poet, Maxine Kumin, Taylor introduced the reading of this poem by referring to it as "a slighter poem...an anecdote poem." Taylor and Kumin, longtime equestrians had a conversation on poems about horses.

There is a very short biography below the poem but for more about Taylor see here.